User federation allows Keycloak to connect with external user databases and credential repositories, enabling authentication without data migration. It supports LDAP, Active Directory, and custom databases via SPI. Users can be imported or validated in real-time, with attributes mapped to Keycloak’s model. Keycloak also integrates caching to enhance performance and supports SSO, IAM, and identity…

User-Based Access Control (UBAC) is an access management model that grants or denies permissions directly to individual users rather than roles or groups. Unlike RBAC, where permissions are assigned based on roles, UBAC applies policies that specify access for specific users. Key elements include direct permission assignment, user-based policies, and identity verification. UBAC enables fine-grained…