Hardware security tokens

Hardware security tokens are physical devices that generate one-time passwords or cryptographic keys for authentication. They enhance security in multi-factor authentication (MFA) and passwordless login. These tokens protect against phishing, store cryptographic keys, and require physical possession for access. Common use cases include enterprise access, securing personal accounts, and compliance with security standards like FIDO2/WebAuthn. While they improve security, challenges include cost, risk of loss, and implementation complexity. Keycloak supports hardware tokens via WebAuthn, allowing secure authentication through registered cryptographic keys.